{"id":53,"date":"2022-12-16T11:24:39","date_gmt":"2022-12-16T11:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/more.bham.ac.uk\/mnedevelop\/?page_id=53"},"modified":"2026-05-07T20:13:52","modified_gmt":"2026-05-07T20:13:52","slug":"academic-resource-centre","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mnedevelop.com\/?page_id=53","title":{"rendered":"Academic resource centre"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"padding-left:12%;padding-right:12%\" class=\"wp-block-genesis-blocks-gb-container gb-block-container\"><div class=\"gb-container-inside\"><div class=\"gb-container-content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the MNDEVELOP project is ongoing, we will share results and insights as they emerge. On this page we will share articles and reports for academics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-3-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-5b6b0d4c2c4fc5cd948de86506e239e5\">Workshops<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MNEDEVELOP Medellin Stakeholder Workshop: 2 March 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MNEDEVELOP Sao Paulo Academic and Stakeholder Workshops: 1 and 3 April 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MNEDEVELOP Sao Paulo Workshop : 3-5 April 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MNEDEVELOP Birmingham Workshop : 6 April 2022<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-1&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-1-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleKeyDown\" id=\"accordion-item-1\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Publications<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div inert aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-1\" data-wp-bind--inert=\"!state.isOpen\" id=\"accordion-item-1-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Project related publications<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cathcart, J., Oliveira, R., Giroud, A., Carneiro, J., &amp; Ghauri, P. (2026) Multinational enterprises and disadvantaged communities in emerging markets: A review and theoretical framework.<strong><em>I<\/em><\/strong><em>nternational Journal of Management Reviews<\/em> e70018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijmr.70018<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oliveira R, Carneiro J. (2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/10.1108\/mbr-01-2025-0009\">A conceptual multi-stakeholder model of social micro-franchising: building resilient communities of waste pickers in Latin America<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Multinational Business Review,&nbsp;<\/em>1-22.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oliveira, R., Cathcart, J., Giroud, A., Carneiro, J., &amp; Ghauri, P. (2024).&nbsp;MNEs and disadvantaged communities in emerging markets: Paths to SDG8. In R. Sinkovics, &amp; O. Kuivalainen (Eds.),&nbsp;<em>International Business and SDG8 \u2013 Are we on course?<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em>(The Academy of International Business). Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relevant publications from team members<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Books<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P. Elg, U. &amp; Melen, S. (Editors), (2023)<em>Creating Sustainable Competitive Position: Ethical Challenges for International Firms,<\/em>&nbsp;Bingley, Emerald.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P., Fu, X., &amp; Vataanen, J. (2018),&nbsp;<em>Multinational Enterprises and Sustainable Development,&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;London: Emerald.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hadjikhani, A., Elg, U. &amp; Ghauri, P. (2012),&nbsp;<em>Business, Society and Politics: Multinationals in Emerging Markets,&nbsp;<\/em>Bingley: Emerald.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Journal articles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Az\u00e9mar, C. &amp; Giroud, A. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1057\/s42214-023-00148-1\">World Investment Report 2022: International Tax Reforms and Sustainable Development<\/a>, <em>Journal of International Business Policy<\/em>, 6 (2), 235\u2013239. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Azevedo, G., Carneiro, J., Rodriguez, C., &amp; Gonzalez-Perez, M. A. (2020). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.08.007\">Rebalancing society: Learning from the experience of Latin American progressive leaders<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Journal of Business Research<\/em>, 119: 511-521.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barki, E., Carneiro, J., Fleury, M. T. L. &amp; Oliveira, R. (2025)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MBR-01-2025-0008\">Exploring corporate strategies for inclusive development at the base of the pyramid in Brazil<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Multinational Business Review<\/em>, pp.&nbsp;1\u201327<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Battisti, E., Rammal, H., Merchant, H., Ghauri, P. and Nirino, N. (2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11575-025-00591-7\">Corporate social responsibility challenges of international service firms: An introduction and research agenda<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Management International Review<\/em>,&nbsp;65(3), pp.399-414. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carneiro, J., Matos, N. &amp; Husted, B. (2015), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2014.09.025\">Free markets and social inclusion: Toward a common goal<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Journal of Business Research<\/em>, 68(2), 173-176, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dang, Q., Rammal, H., Ghauri, P., Jasovska, P. and Velasquez, S. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwb.2024.101583\">Caught in the middle\u2019: Effects on and reactions of Vietnamese timber exporters in the context of US-China economic sanctions<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Journal of World Business<\/em>,&nbsp;59(6), p.101583. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elg, U. Ghauri, P., Child, J. &amp; Collinson, S. (2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.2214\">MNE micro-foundations and routines for building a legitimate and sustainable position in emerging markets<\/a>, <em>Journal of Organizational Behavior,<\/em> 38(9), 1320-1337. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elg, U., Ghauri, P. &amp; Schaumann, J. (2015), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lrp.2014.09.007\">Internationalization through socio-political relationships: MNEs in India<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Long Range Planning,<\/em><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>48(5), 334 &#8211; 345. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Farman, N., Freeman, S., Khan, A.W., Cavusgil, S.T., Khan, H. and Ghauri, P., 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2025.115900\">Opening the black box: how managers\u2019 political ideologies drive CSR decision-making through information processing<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Business Research<\/em>,&nbsp;205 : 115900. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fu, X., Fu, M., Ghauri, P. &amp; Khan, H. (2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpim.12691\">Tackling Exigent Grand Challenges through Corporate Social Innovation: Evidence from Covid-19 Pandemic<\/a>, <em>Journal of Product Innovation Management<\/em>, 1-21. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fu, X., Ghauri, P., Ogbonna, N. and Xing, X. (2023), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.technovation.2021.102451\">Platform based business model and entrepreneurs from base of the pyramid<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Technovation,&nbsp;<\/em>119, 102451. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fu, X., Lu, J. &amp; Ghauri, P.&nbsp; (2025), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.respol.2025.105173\">Digital Technology and Inclusive Development During Global Crisis: Evidence from a randomised experiment in Bangladesh<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Research Policy,&nbsp;<\/em>54(3).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gentile-L\u00fcdecke, S. &amp; Giroud, A. (2012), <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2011.09.024\">Knowledge transfer from TNCs and upgrading of domestic firms: A study from the Polish automotive sector<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>World Development,<\/em> 40(4), 796\u2013807<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gentile-L\u00fcdecke Simona and Giroud Ax\u00e8le (2010), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10669860903436176\">Does the East learn from the West? How Polish automotive suppliers learn from Western MNEs,<\/a> <em>Journal of East-West Business<\/em>,15 (3&amp;4), 271-294. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P. (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46697\/001c.31077\">The Role of Multinational Enterprises in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals<\/a>, <em>AIB Insights<\/em>, 22 (1), 1-5. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P. &amp; Yamin, M. (2009), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwb.2008.05.010\">Revisiting the Impact of Multinational Enterprises on Economic Development<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Journal of World Business<\/em><strong>,&nbsp;<\/strong>44(2), 105-107. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P., Fu, X. and Minayora, A. (2022.), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intman.2022.100948\">Digital technology-based entrepreneurial pursuit of the marginalised communities<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>Journal of International Management<\/em>,&nbsp;28(2), p.100948. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P., Tasavori, M. &amp; Zaefarian, R. (2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IMR-09-2013-0196\">Internationalization of Service Firms Through Corporate Social Entrepreneurship and Networking<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>International Marketing Review<\/em>, 31(6) 576-600. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giroud, A. (2012), \u2018Linkages studies as support for Spillover studies\u2019,&nbsp;<strong><em>The European Journal of Development Research<\/em><\/strong><em>,<\/em> 24(1), 20-25,&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1057\/ejdr.2011.48\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1057\/ejdr.2011.48<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giroud, A. &amp; Ivarsson, I. (2020), &#8220;World Investment report 2020: International Production Beyond the Pandemic&#8221;,&nbsp;<strong><em>Journal of International Business Policy<\/em><\/strong><em>,&nbsp;<\/em>3(4).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s42214-020-00078-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s42214-020-00078-2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giroud, A. &amp; Salguero Huaman, J. (2019), &#8220;Investment in Agriculture and Gender Equality: Corporate Strategies and Policies in Developing Countries&#8221;,&nbsp;<strong><em>Transnational Corporations<\/em><\/strong><em>,&nbsp;<\/em>26(3), 89-114<em>.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18356\/e7a807e6-en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18356\/e7a807e6-en<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giroud, A., Jindra, B., &amp; Marek, P. (2012), \u2018Heterogeneous FDI in Transition Economies &#8211; A novel approach to assess the developmental impact of backward linkages\u2019,&nbsp;<strong><em>World Development<\/em><\/strong><em>,<\/em> 40(11), 2206-2220.&nbsp;&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2012.03.018\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2012.03.018<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hagen, B., Ghauri, P. and Macovei, V. (2024), &#8220;The balancing act: Organizational agility in fast-growing international ventures&#8221;,&nbsp;<strong><em>Industrial Marketing Management<\/em>,<\/strong>&nbsp;123, pp.119-132. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indmarman.2024.09.007\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indmarman.2024.09.007<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iguchi C., Giroud A., Zhao S., Zhang S. (2025) \u2018International Business and Sustainable Development in Asia: Reflections and Prospects,&nbsp;<em>Asian Business and Management,&nbsp;<\/em>24: 1-24.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41291-025-00297-6__;!!CF15FET90Tp8!HpkVyDA-EfpKLmtzXIE84eBL6OMmk9jCfM9PtrWWCQzjceYdHTLBly9DiT9ltdv_3UY50W5JOEHohqBngkKzVXgCOQSd263sF8Yb$\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41291-025-00297-6<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jindra, B., Giroud, A., and Scott-Kennel, J. (2009), &#8220;Subsidiary roles, vertical linkages and economic development: Lessons from transition economies&#8221;,&nbsp;<strong><em>Journal of World Business<\/em><\/strong><em>,<\/em> 44 (2), 167-179. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.bham-ezproxy.idm.oclc.org\/10.1016\/j.jwb.2008.05.006\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwb.2008.05.006<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lee, J., Park, B., Ghauri, P. and Kumar, V. (2024), &#8220;Corruptive practices, digitalization, and international business&#8221;,&nbsp;<em><strong>Journal of Business Research<\/strong><\/em>,&nbsp;181, p.114748. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114748\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114748<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Park, B-I., &amp; Ghauri, P. (2013), \u201cDoing right, investing right: socially responsible investing and shareholder activism in the financial sector\u201d,&nbsp;<strong><em>Business Horizon,&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>56 (6), 703-714. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2013.07.006\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2013.07.006<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Park, B-I., &amp; Ghauri, P. (2015), \u201cDeterminants influencing CSR practices in small and medium sized MNEs subsidiaries: A stakeholder perspective\u201d,&nbsp;<strong><em>Journal of World Business<\/em>,<\/strong> 50 (1), 192 \u2013 204. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.bham-ezproxy.idm.oclc.org\/10.1016\/j.jwb.2014.04.007\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwb.2014.04.007<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qi, G., Ghauri, P. &amp; Adomako, S. (accepted for publication 2026), &#8220;Network Dynamics in the Internationalization of EM MNEs: Systematic Review and Agenda for Future Research\u201d, <em><strong>Management International Review<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rammal, H.G., Rose, E.L., Ghauri, P.N., Jensen, P.D.\u00d8., Kipping, M., Petersen, B. and Scerri, M. (2022), &#8220;Economic nationalism and internationalization of services: Review and research agenda&#8221;,&nbsp;<strong><em>Journal of World Business<\/em>,<\/strong>&nbsp;57(3), p.101314. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.bham-ezproxy.idm.oclc.org\/10.1016\/j.jwb.2022.101314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwb.2022.101314<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roh, T., Xiao, S., Park, B. and Ghauri, P. (2025), &#8220;Stakeholder pressure, democracy levels, and multinational enterprise corporate social responsibility: Stakeholder and institutional theories&#8221;,&nbsp;<strong><em>Journal of Business Research<\/em>,<\/strong>&nbsp;200 : 115619, p.1-17. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2025.115619\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2025.115619<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roh, T., Xiao, S., Ghauri, P., Park, B. and Oh, S. (2025), &#8220;Venture firms\u2019 internationalization: The case of emerging challengers&#8221;, <strong><em>International Business Review<\/em>,<\/strong>&nbsp;34(5), p.102480. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2025.102480\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2025.102480<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scott-Kennel, J., Giroud, A. and Saittakari, I. (2022), &#8220;MNE Linkages with Local Partners: Do Foreignness and Technological Capability Matter?&#8221; <strong><em>Multinational Business Review<\/em>,<\/strong> 30(4), 573-598.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MBR-05-2021-0062\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MBR-05-2021-0062<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tasavori, M., Ghauri, P. &amp; Zaefarian, R. (2016), \u201cEntering the Base of the Pyramid Market in India: A Corporate Social Entrepreneurship Perspective\u201d,&nbsp;<strong><em>International Marketing Review<\/em><\/strong>,&nbsp; 33(4), 555-579. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IMR-03-2014-0085\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IMR-03-2014-0085<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tasavori, M., Ghauri, P., Zaefarian, R. (2015), \u201cThe creation view of opportunities at the base of the pyramid\u201d,&nbsp;<strong><em>Entrepreneurship and Regional Development\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, 27(1-2), 106 -126. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08985626.2014.1002538\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08985626.2014.1002538<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tolstoy, D., Mel\u00e9n, S. &amp; Ghauri, P. (2025). &#8220;Unpacking the role of ethical leadership in the era of sustainable development goals and values-based marketing&#8221;,<strong>&nbsp;<em>Journal of International Marketing<\/em><\/strong><em>,<\/em>&nbsp;33(2), pp.\u202f19\u201338.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1069031X241296468__;!!CF15FET90Tp8!CNUgyidV5jfDzgqqLvcVmESFA_aqdhoGX6s0SOW5rh0H1J4vGnkieim4qg88N244DUDzenVDCtXs3gptXl6MjdcL-eruJG4$\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1069031X241296468<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wood, G., Cooke, F., Brou, D., Wang, J. and Ghauri, P. (2024), &#8220;Rethinking contexts and institutions for research on human resource management in multinational enterprises in an age of polycrisis: reflections and suggestions&#8221;,&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/journals\/rijh20\"><strong>The International Journal of Human Resource Management<\/strong><\/a><\/em>,&nbsp;35(19), pp.3173-3206. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09585192.2024.2401021\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09585192.2024.2401021<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Xiao, S., Roh, T. Ghauri, P. &amp; Cho, M.H. (2024), &#8220;MNC\u2019s Social Innovations in Emerging Markets: A Stakeholder Perspective&#8221;,&nbsp;<strong><em>Management International Review<\/em>,<\/strong> 64(4), pp.\u202f633\u2013670.&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11575-024-00537-5__;!!CF15FET90Tp8!CNUgyidV5jfDzgqqLvcVmESFA_aqdhoGX6s0SOW5rh0H1J4vGnkieim4qg88N244DUDzenVDCtXs3gptXl6MjdcLN85kOpA$\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11575-024-00537-5<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zaefarian, R. Ghauri, P. &amp; Tasavori, M. (2015), &nbsp;\u201cA Corporate Social Entrepreneurship Approach to Market-Based Poverty Reduction\u201d,&nbsp;<strong><em>Emerging Markets Finance and Trade<\/em><\/strong>, 51:2, 320-334. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1540496X.2015.1021606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1540496X.2015.1021606<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zou, H., Ghauri, P. and Song, M. (2025), &#8220;Stakeholder Management by Emerging Market Hybrid State-Owned Enterprises: A Biomimicry Perspective&#8221;,&nbsp;<strong><em>Management and Organization Review<\/em>,<\/strong> pp.1-28. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mor.2024.55\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mor.2024.55<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Book chapters<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Azevedo-Rezende, L. &amp; Carneiro, J. (2021). Responsabilidade Social Corporativa e os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel: O Papel dos Conselhos [Corporate Social Responsibility and the Sustainable Development Goals: The Role of Boards]. In Yoshida, Consuelo; Vianna, Marcelo &amp; Kishi, Sandra (coords.).<em>&nbsp;Finan\u00e7as Sustent\u00e1veis: ESG, Compliance, Gest\u00e3o de Riscos e ODS&nbsp;<\/em>[<em>Sustainable Finance: ESG, Compliance, Risk Management and SDGs<\/em>]. ABRAMPA, pp. 24-41, ISBN 978-65-991329-2-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carneiro, J. Barki, E. &amp; Prado, M. (2025).&nbsp;&#8220;Respecting boundaries and human dignity in access-restricted low-income communities&#8221; in Barnard, H. (ed.)&nbsp;<strong><em>Handbook for Qualitative Research in Emerging Markets: Methods and Applications<\/em>.<\/strong> Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 26-39.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781035322329.00009__;!!CF15FET90Tp8!CNUgyidV5jfDzgqqLvcVmESFA_aqdhoGX6s0SOW5rh0H1J4vGnkieim4qg88N244DUDzenVDCtXs3gptXl6MjdcL4aFEzb8$\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781035322329.00009<\/a>;&nbsp;&nbsp;ISBN:&nbsp;9781035322312; eISBN: 9781035322329<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elg, U. Ghauri, P. &amp; Melen, S. (2023). \u201cCreating a Sustainable Market Position Through Ethical Behaviour\u201d in Ghauri, Elg &amp; Melen, (editors), <strong><em>Creating a Sustainable Market position: Ethical Challenges for International Firms, <\/em><\/strong>Volume 37: 1-10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elg, U. Ghauri, P. &amp; Schaumann, J. (2012). \u201cManaging political actors through network partners: Market driving multinationals in emerging markets\u201d, in Hadjikhani, Elg and Ghauri (editors), <strong><em>Business Society and Politics: Multinationals in Emerging Markets<\/em>, <\/strong>Bingley: Emerald, pp. 133-154.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giroud A., Bonilla S. &amp; F. Farinelli (2024). &#8220;Government Policies for MNEs\u2019 Sustainable Linkages&#8221;. In Gugler P. &amp; Tavares-Lehmann A. T. <em><strong>Handbook on International Business Policy<\/strong>. <\/em>Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giroud, A., &amp; Hafiz, M. (2010). \u2018MNEs\u2019 Linkages in Southeast Asia\u2019, chapter 4, pp. 82-102, in Gugler Philippe and Chaisse Julien (Eds) <em><strong>Competitiveness of the ASEAN Countries: Corporate and Regulatory Drivers<\/strong><\/em>. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P. &amp; Cooke, F. (2022). \u201cMNEs and United Nations\u2019 Sustainable Development Goals\u201d, in Merchant, H. (editor), <strong><em>The New Frontiers of International Business, <\/em><\/strong>St. Petersburg, FL, USA. pp. 329-344.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P. &amp; Wang, F. (2018). \u201cThe Impact of Multinational Enterprises on Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction: A Research Framework\u201d, in Ghauri, Fu and Vataanen (editors),&nbsp;<strong><em>Multinational Enterprises and Sustainable Development,&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Bingley: Emerald, pp. 13-40.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P., Fu, X. &amp; Vataanen, J. (2018). \u201cMultinational Enterprises, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction: Past, Present and Future, in Ghauri, Fu and Vataanen (Editors),&nbsp;<strong><em>Multinational Enterprises and Sustainable Development,&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Bingley, Emerald, pp<strong><em>.<\/em><\/strong>196-225.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P., Hadjikhani, A. &amp; Elg, U. (2012), \u201cThe Three Pillars: Business, State and Society: MNCs in Emerging Markets\u201d, in Hadjikhani, Elg and Ghauri (editors),&nbsp;<strong><em>Business, Society and Politics: Multinationals in Emerging markets,&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>Bingley: Emerald, pp. 3 \u2013 16.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghauri, P. Hattani, F. Zhangzhang, Y. Rohfler, S. &amp; Bu, M. (2023),&nbsp;\u201cInternational Business and the SDGs: Current Issues and Future Directions\u201d in Van Tulder &amp; Verbeke (editors), <strong><em>Progress in international Business Research,<\/em><\/strong> Volume 17: 17-30.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contributions to reports by International Organisations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNCTAD (2015) World Investment Report 2015: Reforming International Investment Governance, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 978-92-1-112891-8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNCTAD (2014) World Investment Report 2014: Investing in Social Development Goals, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 978-92-1-112873-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNCTAD (2014) Investment by TNCs and Gender: Preliminary Assessment and Way Forward, Geneva, Switzerland. UNCTAD\/WEB\/DIAE\/IA\/2014\/1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNCTAD (2013) World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains, Investment and Trade for Development, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 978-92-1-112868-0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">World Bank (2017) The Impact of Larger-Scale Agricultural Investment on local Communities: Updated Voices from the Field, Washington, U.S., with William Speller, Hafiz Mirza, Jacqueline Salguero-Huaman, Grahame Dixie and Asuka Okumura<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-2&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleKeyDown\" id=\"accordion-item-2\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\">Conferences and panel discussions<\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div inert aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-2\" data-wp-bind--inert=\"!state.isOpen\" id=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2026<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Academy of International Business (AIB) Latin America and the Caribbean Chapter Conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at University of Lima, Lima, Peru, 3-5 March 2026:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prof. Pervez Ghauri presented in a panel discussion on: \u201cEmerging Market Multinationals\u201d. Moderator: Bill Newburry. Co-panelists: Marcio Amaral, \u00c1lvaro Cuervo Cazurra, Matt Raskovic and Mike Peng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prof. Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez presented a paper on: \u201cEthical Implications of Terminology Used to Refer to Vulnerabilised Populations in International Business Contexts: A Critical Analysis of Academic and Corporate Discourses\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prof. Ax\u00e8le Giroud presented in a panel discussion on \u201cThe Contribution of European and Latin American Multinationals to Inclusive Development in Latin America\u201d. Moderator: Prof. Jorge Carneiro. Co-panelists: Miguel C\u00f3rdova (Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico), Maria Tereza Fleury (FGV-EAESP &amp; AIB past president, Brazil), Lourdes \u00c1lvarez (Director General of Impact Assessment and Economic Studies at the Ministry of Production), Jorge L\u00f3pez-Doriga (Chief Communication and Sustainability Officer in AJE Group), Sandra Contreras (Executive Director in World Vision Peru).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2025<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Academy of International Business (AIB) UK&amp;I annual conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at University of Surrey, 24-26<sup>th<\/sup>&nbsp;April, 2025: Prof Ax\u00e8le Giroud (2025) presented in a panel discussion on \u201cNonmarket Strategy in an Era of Geopolitical Uncertainty\u201d. Chair: Dr Abdelraouf Bouguerra (University of Surrey, U.K.). Co-panelists: Professor Jonathan Doh (Villanova University, U.S.), Professor Thomas Lawton (Cork University Business School, Ireland), Dr Vikrant Shirodkar (University of Sussex, U.K.). Discussant Professor Sorin Krammer (University of Southampton, U.K.).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Research seminar&nbsp;<\/strong>at Copenhagen Business School, 11 June 2025: Prof Ax\u00e8le Giroud delivered a research seminar on \u201cMNEs\u2019 Strategies for Societal Impact: Engaging with Disadvantaged Communities in Emerging Markets\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Research Seminar&nbsp;<\/strong>at University of Nottingham Business School, Ningbo, China, 13 November 2025: Prof Ax\u00e8le Giroud delivered a research seminar on \u201cMNEs\u2019 Strategies for Societal Impact: Engaging with Disadvantaged Communities in Emerging Markets\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>European International Business Academy (EIBA) Conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at University of Piraeus, Athens, Greece, 11-13 December 2025: Prof. Ax\u00e8le Giroud presented a paper on \u201cMNEs Strategies for Societal Impact: Engaging with Disadvantaged Communities in Emerging Markets\u201d; and Prof. Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez presented a paper on \u201cEthical Terminology When Discussing Vulnerability in International Business Contexts\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Research seminar&nbsp;<\/strong>at Radboud University, The Netherlands, 12 March 2024: Prof Ax\u00e8le Giroud delivered a research seminar on \u201cMNEs\u2019 Strategies for Societal Impact: Interaction with Marginalised Communities\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Research seminar&nbsp;<\/strong>at Amsterdam Business School, The Netherlands, 14 March 2024: Prof Ax\u00e8le Giroud delivered a research seminar on \u201cMNEs\u2019 Strategies for Societal Impact: Interaction with Marginalised Communities\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Academy of International Business (AIB) Latin America and the Caribbean Chapter Conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at Mona School of Business &amp; Management, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, 20-22 March 2024: Prof Pervez Ghauri and Dr Jorge Carneiro participated in a panel discussion on \u201cMulti-stakeholder action for inclusive development: The Latin America and Caribbean experience\u201d with Blake Widmer (social entrepreneur and co-founder of Deaf Can! coffee), Dr Beverley Morgan (Head of Competitiveness Company \u2013 NGO), Sonja Julien-Wells (Corporate Responsibility Leader and Growth, Purpose and Marketing Leader, Deloitte Caribbean and Bermuda), Maria-Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez (EAFIT University, Colombia) and Maria Tereza Leme Fleury (FGV S\u00e3o Paulo School of Business Administration, Brazil).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>European International Business Academy (EIBA) conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland, 12-14 December 2024. Prof. Ax\u00e8le Giroud organised a panel titled \u201cMNEs\u2019 Societal Impact: What do we know, where do we go?\u201d, with Prof. Pervez Ghauri (University of Birmingham, UK), Prof. Jorge Carneiro (FGV, Brazil), Dr Amelia Santos-Paulino (UNCTAD, Switzerland), Khadija van der Straaten (Erasmus University, the Netherlands), Marleen Wierenga (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2023<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Academy of International Business (AIB) Latin America and the Caribbean Chapter Conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.world\/location\/escola-superior-de-propaganda-e-marketing-espm\/\">Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing (ESPM)<\/a>, S\u00e3o Paulo, 29-31 March 2023: Dr Jorge Carneiro organised a panel discussion on \u201cMNEDEVELOP Multinationals and disadvantaged communities\u201d with Prof Pervez Ghauri, Maria Tereza Leme Fleury (AIB President), Valeria Michel (Tetra Pak), Jo\u00e3o Paulo Pac\u00edfico (Gaia Group), Maria-Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez (EAFIT University, Colombia).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Academy of International Business (AIB) UK &amp; Ireland Chapter Conference&nbsp;<\/strong>at University of Glasgow, Scotland, 14-15 April 2023: Renan Oliveira and Jayne Cathcart presented paper on \u201cMultinational Enterprises and disadvantaged communities in emerging markets: A literature Review\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Consortium for International Marketing and Research (CIMaR)<\/strong>&nbsp;annual conference at University of Fortaleza, Brazil, 21 June 2023: Prof Pervez Ghauri and Dr Jorge Carneiro participated in a panel discussion on \u201cMultinationals and Inclusive Development in Latin America and the Caribbean\u201d with Darline Oliveira (Head of ESG at Diego) and Thays Garcia (Head of Sustainability at M. Dias Branco).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>European International Business Academy (EIBA) Conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at ISEG \u2013 Lisbon School of Economics &amp; Management, University of Lisbon, Portugal, 15-17 December 2023: Renan Oliveira and Jayne Cathcart presented a paper on \u201cMultinational Enterprises and disadvantaged communities in emerging markets: A literature Review\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2022<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>British Academy of Management (BAM) Annual Conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at the Alliance Manchester Business School, U.K., 31 August \u2013 1 September 2022: Prof Ax\u00e8le Giroud panel organiser on Multinational Enterprises and Responsible Business\u201d, with Prof. Timothy Devinney, Dr Stefan Zagelmeyer, Dr Asmund Rygh, Dr Matthew Alford and Dr Dimitrija Kalanoski.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>European International Business Academy (EIBA) Conference&nbsp;<\/strong>at BI Norwegian&nbsp;Business School, Oslo, 8-10 December 2022: Prof Pervez Ghauri participated in two panel discussions: One discussion on \u201cThe new realities, SDGs and the global value chain\u201d (chaired by Tiina Ritvala) and another discussion on \u201cAre MNEs contributing towards achievement of SDGs?\u201d (chaired by Shasha Zhao).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>European International Business Association (EIBA) annual conference<\/strong>&nbsp;at BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, 8-10 December 2022: Prof Ax\u00e8le Giroud was panel organiser on \u201cMultinational Strategies for Inclusive Development\u201d, with Prof Pervez Ghauri, Dr Jorge Carneiro, Dr Amelia Santos-Paulino (UNCTAD, Switzerland), Cruz Bernardo Ivo (Secretary of State, Government of Portugal), Mel\u00e9n H\u00e5nell Sara (M\u00e4lardalen University, Sweden), Prof A. Saka-Helmout (University of Radbout, the Netherlands), Dr Tolstoy Daniel (Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-53","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Academic resource centre - MNEDEVELOP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mnedevelop.com\/?page_id=53\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Academic resource centre - MNEDEVELOP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mnedevelop.com\/?page_id=53\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MNEDEVELOP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-07T20:13:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mnedevelop.com\\\/?page_id=53\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/mnedevelop.com\\\/?page_id=53\",\"name\":\"Academic resource centre - 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